Judgment Issued.

Judgment in No. 24-1287 is VACATED and case REMANDED with instructions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction; the judgment in No. 25-250 is AFFIRMED. Roberts, C. J., announced the judgment of the Court and delivered the <a href = 'https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1287_new_3135.pdf'>opinion</a> of the Court with respect to Parts I, II–A–1, and II–B, in which Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch, Barrett, and Jackson, JJ., joined, and an opinion with respect to Parts II–A–2 and III, in which Gorsuch and Barrett, JJ., joined. Gorsuch, J., and Barrett, J., filed concurring opinions. Kagan, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, in which Sotomayor and Jackson, JJ., joined. Jackson, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment. Thomas, J., filed a dissenting opinion. Kavanaugh, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which Thomas and Alito, JJ., joined. VIDED.

Argued. For federal parties: D. John Sauer, Solicitor General, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C. For private parties: Neal K. Katyal, Washington, D. C. For state parties: Benjamin N. Gutman, Solicitor General, Salem, Ore. VIDED.

Reply of respondents Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Carla Anderson Hills and Alan William Wolff filed (as to 25-250). (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Scholars of the History of Constitutional Law and the Presidency filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Emily Ley Paper, Inc., et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of National Taxpayers Union Foundation filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Tax Law Professors filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Advancing American Freedom, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Peter W. Sage filed (as to 25-250). (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Princess Awesome, LLC, et al. filed (as to 25-250). (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of The Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, et al. filed (as to 25-250). (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Cato Institute filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Former Government Officials, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Professors of Administrative Law, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of California, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Constitutional Accountability Center filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Former Senior Military, National Security, and Foreign Policy Government Officials filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Professor Julian Arato, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of 31 Former Federal Judges filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of American Watch Association, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Goldwater Institute, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Members of the United States Congress filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of American College of Tax Counsel filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Washington Legal Foundation filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of National Security Officials filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Brennan Center for Justice filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Scott Lincicome, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Economists filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of We Pay the Tariffs filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Trade Scholars in Economics, Politics, and Law filed (as to 25-250). (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Washington State Amici filed (as to 25-250). (Distributed)

Motion of Susan Webber, et al. for leave to participate in oral argument as amici curiae, for divided argument, and for enlargement of time for oral argument is denied.

Brief amicus curiae of BRB Management, LLC filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Motion of petitioners in No. 24-1287 and respondents in No. 25-250 for divided argument and for enlargement of time for oral argument is granted in part. A total of 80 minutes is allotted for oral argument, and the time is allocated as follows: 40 minutes for the Solicitor General, 20 minutes for one advocate on behalf of the private parties, and 20 minutes for one advocate on behalf of the state parties.

Brief amici curiae of Vikram David Amar, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Professors of U.S. Foreign Relations Law filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief of petitioners Learning Resources, Inc., et al. filed (as to 24-1287). (Distributed)

Brief of State Respondents in No. 25-250 filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief of private respondents V.O.S. Selections, Inc., et al. filed (as to 25-250). (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of George F. Allen, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Crutchfield Corporation filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Motion for leave to intervene filed by Susan Webber, et al. DENIED. VIDED.

Brief amicus curiae of Corey J. Biazzo, Esq. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Consumer Watchdog filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Motion of petitioners in No. 24-1287 and respondents in No. 25-250 for divided argument and for enlargement of time for oral argument filed. VIDED.

CIRCULATED

Motion for leave to participate in oral argument as amici curiae, for divided argument, and for enlargement of time for oral argument filed by Susan Webber, et al. VIDED.

Application (25A327) granted by The Chief Justice for leave to file a reply brief on the merits in excess of the word limit. The brief shall not exceed 9,000 words.

Brief amicus curiae of Professor Aditya Bamzai in support of neither party filed. VIDED

Brief amicus curiae of Jill Homan filed. VIDED.

Brief amicus curiae of America's Future filed. VIDED.

Brief amicus curiae of America First Policy Institute filed. VIDED.

Brief amicus curiae of Professor Chad Squitieri filed. VIDED.

Brief amici curiae of U.S. Representative Darrell Issa, et al. filed. VIDED.

Brief amicus curiae of American Center for Law and Justice filed. VIDED.

Motion to dispense with printing the joint appendix filed by the Solicitor General GRANTED. VIDED.

Opening brief on the merits of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed. VIDED. (Distributed)

Application (25A327) for leave to file a reply brief on the merits in excess of the word limit, submitted to The Chief Justice.

SET FOR ARGUMENT on Wednesday, November 5, 2025. VIDED.

Any motion pertaining to the oral argument in these cases shall be filed on or before Friday, October 3, 2025.

Motion for leave to intervene DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 10/10/2025.

Record received from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The record is electronic and is available on PACER.

Record received electronically from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and available with the Clerk.

Opposition to motion for leave to intervene from respondents Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed. VIDED.

Motion to dispense with printing the joint appendix filed by the Solicitor General. VIDED.

Motion for leave to intervene filed by Susan Webber, et al. VIDED.

Record requested from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

Petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment GRANTED. The motion to expedite and the petition for a writ of certiorari in No. 25-250 are granted. The cases are consolidated, and a total of one hour is allotted for oral argument. Respondents in No. 24-1287 and petitioners in No. 25-250 shall file an opening brief on the merits on or before Friday, September 19, 2025. Any amicus curiae briefs in support or in support of neither party shall be filed on or before Tuesday, September 23, 2025. Petitioners in No. 24-1287 and respondents in No. 25-250 shall file response briefs on the merits on or before Monday, October 20, 2025. Any amicus curiae briefs in support shall be filed on or before Friday, October 24, 2025. A reply brief shall be filed by Thursday, October 30, 2025. The cases will be set for argument in the first week of the November 2025 argument session. VIDED.

Because the Court has consolidated these cases for briefing and oral argument, future filings and activity in the cases will now be reflected on the docket of No. 24-1287. Subsequent filings in these cases must therefore be submitted through the electronic filing system in No. 24-1287. Each document submitted in connection with one or more of these cases must include on its cover the case number and caption for each case in which the filing is intended to be submitted. Where a filing is submitted in fewer than all of the cases, the docket entry will reflect the case number(s) in which the filing is submitted; a document filed in all of the consolidated cases will be noted as “VIDED.”

Letter from petitioners Learning Resources, Inc., et al. filed.

DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 9/29/2025.

Reply of petitioners Learning Resources, Inc., et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of George F. Allen, et al. filed.

Brief of respondents Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. in opposition filed.

Motion of petitioners to expedite consideration of the petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment DENIED.

Reply of petitioners Learning Resources, Inc., et al. in support of motion to expedite filed.

Response to motion from respondents Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Washington Legal Foundation filed.

Motion to expedite consideration of the petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment filed by petitioners Learning Resources, Inc., et al.

Petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment filed. (Response due July 17, 2025)

Learning Resources, Inc., et al., Petitioner, represented by Pratik Arvind Shah

Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al., Respondent, represented by D. John Sauer

State Respondents, Respondent, represented by Benjamin Noah Gutman

V.O.S. Selections, Inc., et al., Respondent, represented by Michael W. McConnell

V.O.S. Selections, Inc., et al., Respondent, represented by Neal Kumar Katyal

31 Former Federal Judges, Amicus Curiae, represented by Elkan Abramowitz

Aditya Bamzai, Amicus Curiae, represented by Aditya Bamzai

Advancing American Freedom, Amicus Curiae, represented by John Marc Wheat

America First Policy Institute, Amicus Curiae, represented by Michael John Jones

American Center for Law and Justice, Amicus Curiae, represented by Jay Alan Sekulow

American College of Tax Counsel, Amicus Curiae, represented by John M. Colvin

American Watch Association and Jewelers Vigilance Committee, Amicus Curiae, represented by Jeffrey Eric Sandberg

America's Future, Amicus Curiae, represented by William Jeffrey Olson

BRB Management, LLC, Amicus Curiae, represented by Philip James De Koster

Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, Amicus Curiae, represented by Leah Julie Tulin

Carla Anderson Hills and Alan William Wolff, Amicus Curiae, represented by Roderick Maltman Hills Jr.

Cato Institute, Amicus Curiae, represented by Thomas Arthur Berry

Constitutional Accountability Center, Amicus Curiae, represented by Brianne Jenna Gorod

Consumer Watchdog, Amicus Curiae, represented by Alan B. Morrison

Corey J. Biazzo, Esq., Amicus Curiae, represented by Corey John Biazzo

Crutchfield, Amicus Curiae, represented by Peter J. Brann

Economists, Amicus Curiae, represented by Adam G. Unikowsky

Emily Ley Paper, Inc., d/b/a Simplified; Kilo Brava LLC; Bambola LLC; Rokland LLC; Firedisc, Inc.; the Game Manufacturers Assoc.; and the New Civil Liberties Alliance, Amicus Curiae, represented by John Julian Vecchione

Former Government Officials and Legal Scholars, Amicus Curiae, represented by Matthew Adam Seligman

Former Senior Military, National Security, and Foreign Policy Government Officials, Amicus Curiae, represented by Jacob Warnick Buchdahl

George F. Allen, Joshua A. Claybourn, John C. Danforth, Richard A. Epstein, Charles T. Hagel, Harold Hongju Koh, Gerard N. Magliocca, Michael B. Mukasey, Alan O. Sykes, John Daniel Tinder, Alexander Volokh, Peter J. Wallison, and Philip Zelikow, Amicus Curiae, represented by Daniel William Wolff

Goldwater Institute, Dallas Market Center, The John Locke Foundation, Amicus Curiae, represented by Timothy Mason Sandefur

he Chamber of Commerce of the United States and The Consumer Technology Association, Amicus Curiae, represented by Gregory George Garre

Jill Homan, Amicus Curiae, represented by Brian Kirk Kelsey

Members of the United States Congress, Amicus Curiae, represented by Josephine Kendra Petrick

National Security Officials, Amicus Curiae, represented by Meaghan Elizabeth McLaine VerGow

National Taxpayers Union Foundation, Amicus Curiae, represented by Joseph Darcy Henchman

Peter W. Sage, Amicus Curiae, represented by Thad McIntosh Guyer

Princess Awesome, LLC; Stonemaier, LLC; 300 Below, Inc.; Upward Glance, LLC d/b/a Quent Cordair Fine Art; KingSeal Corporation d/b/a Wesco Enterprises, Inc.; Mischief, LLC d/b/a Mischief Toy Store; Spielcraft Games, LLC; Rookie Mage Games, LLC; XYZ Game Labs, Inc.; Tinkerhouse, Inc.; and Reclamation Studio, LLC d/b/a WitsEnd Mosaic, Amicus Curiae, represented by Oliver James Dunford

Professor Chad Squitieri, Amicus Curiae, represented by R. Trent McCotter

Professors Julian Arato, Rachel Brewster, Harlan Grant Cohen, David Singh Grewal, J. Benton Heath, Timothy Meyer, Gregory Shaffer, and Chantal Thomas, Amicus Curiae, represented by Timothy Lanier Meyer

Professors of Administrative Law, et al., Amicus Curiae, represented by Vincent Gregory Levy

Professors of U.S. Foreign Relations Law, Amicus Curiae, represented by Paul B. Stephan

Scholars of the History of Constitutional Law and the Presidency`, Amicus Curiae, represented by Paul Reinherz Quitman Wolfson

Scott Lincicome, Colin Grabow, and Clark Packard, Amicus Curiae, represented by Adam Ezra Schulman

State of California and Governor Gavin Newsom, Amicus Curiae, represented by Julie Michelle Veroff

Susan Webber, et al., Amicus Curiae, represented by Monica Joan Tranel

Tax Law Professors, Amicus Curiae, represented by Steven James Alagna

The Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law, Amicus Curiae, represented by Richard L. Revesz

Trade Scholars in Economics, Politics, and Law, Amicus Curiae, represented by Erica Joan Hashimoto

U.S. Representatives Darrell Issa & Brian Mast, America First Legal Foundation, and Coalition for a Prosperous America, Amicus Curiae, represented by R. Trent McCotter

Vikram David Amar and Mickey Edwards, Amicus Curiae, represented by Tadhg Aodh Joseph Dooley

Washington Legal Foundation, Amicus Curiae, represented by Zac Morgan

Washington State Amici, Amicus Curiae, represented by Steven Walter Fogg

We Pay the Tariffs, Amicus Curiae, represented by Gilbert Lee Sandler